Music and Cultural Identity - 1245 Words

Some may say music is just music; a song is just a song. However, music plays an enormous role in our psychology, because a single song has the ability to bring about many kinds of thoughts and emotions in the listener. Music is subtly one of the main factors in which people identify with certain groups and establish their belonging in society. It shapes people’s perspectives on how the world functions and the roles they play within it. Music can function the same way in a culture; it can reflect many of the culture’s values and ideologies. Music can have many effects on culture and the people’s idea of who they think they are within that culture. Music can serve in a way that promotes cultural identity and pride, yet it could also play a†¦show more content†¦Their sense of belongingness gives the people pride, because the songs embody the rich history, culture, and values of Mexico. As a result, people in in Mexican communities are able to proudly ident ify themselves as Mexicans. With a vast amount of culturally proud people, Mexican culture will ultimately be kept alive. Music can also be a differentiating factor for social and economic classes. In lecture twelve (Roma music), the clear distinction between the romungre and vlachs musicals groups proved that music influenced this separation. The types of instruments used, or lack of, tell of the people’s standing in the social and economic ladders. For instance, romungre music is professional, urban, and was played in elaborate settings. In the video excerpt shown during lecture, the well-dressed man played the violin, while the other members played other various instruments such as the cimbalom and piano. The possession of the various instruments is clear evidence that the people in that community have extra money to spend on these luxurious items. In addition to the aesthetics of the performance, the sounds produced by these instruments also suggest a level of sophistication and class. The song began with a sow tempo, which offers a smooth timbre. The tempo then sped up, which showed the virt uosity of performers, suggesting the affluence of the performers, because he wasShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Music On Our Lives1576 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence of sound particularly music? To begin, our life would consist of incredibly quiet spaces. Music plays a vital role in our lives, whether it is attending music festivals to attending religious ceremonies. In many ways, music is the composition of our lives that defines society. As a reflection of society, it allows us to remember how things were in the past, how things are now in the present and lastly presents a view of how things might be in the future. Music can take on many forms in ourRead MoreCritical Analysis redeeming Rap music1088 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Redeeming the Rap Music Experience† The influence of rap on black urban youths has become a major part to the modern day music industry. Berry uses the article to show that through rap music, low income black youth are able to develop empowering values and ideologies, strengthen cultural interaction and establish positive identities. This is done by describing different components of urban black culture associated with rap which enhances the struggle for black significance in pop culture. HisRead MoreCultural Identity In Unashamed By Lecrae741 Words   |  3 PagesReview Essay Cultural identity is the foundation in which identification is used to express his or her role in society. The distinction of cultural identity among a society affects a person’s role by pertaining to art and literature, as well as social organization element of culture. These examples of culture, refer to people all around the world. In the Story, Left behind, a native American student attending school is judged based on his ethnicity. In Unashamed by Lecrae, Lecrae uses music to expressRead MoreMy Cultural Identity Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Identity Essay Krishal Sharma | Period: 2 | 9/15/17#1 Everyone has their own, one of a kind cultural identity and culture. Your culture could be anything like an interest in technology or what hobbies you like even food. My cultural identity would not exist if it wasn t for what I value the most and what I love the most. In the world, nowadays people like a lot of things such as music. But what I like is completely different, There is one that influences my cultural identity andRead MoreThe Movie The Namesake 1318 Words   |  6 Pages The film, The Namesake, directed by Mira Nair, suggests that everyone has a cultural identity, whether they ignore or embrace it. Gogol Ganguli initially wants to abandon his family’s traditions and adopt American customs since he was born in America. Soon he learns that his name has a very emotional meaning to his father. Because of his new knowledge of the significance of his name, he begins to enter a transformation where he accepts and loves his culture. Throughout the film, Gogol has an internalRead MoreMusic and Identity Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesMusic and Identity In this report, I will expand upon what was spoken in the presentation by providing a more in-depth look at each section I talked about. The presentation was divided into six sections: i) What do we mean by identity? ii) Identity in previous historical periods iii) Identity in contemporary culture iv) How the media constructs our identities v) A case study; MTV and the music video vi) Conclusion What do we mean by identity? Identity refers to the way people seeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Ballad Of Jed Clampett 1460 Words   |  6 Pagesone of the few American shows airing on New Zealand television at the time. The Flatt and Scruggs theme tune and Scruggs style banjo influenced player Paul Trenwith, who said â€Å"that’s how I wanted to learn banjo, and we found out there was a whole music genre that went with that, so we chased that up.†[10] Television was one of the key ways that the bluegrass genre was and still is transmitted internationally. The dominance of the United States in the film and television markets meant worldwide exposureRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Jackson s The Rock Band Nirvana s Sophomore Album1680 Words   |  7 PagesIn 1992, Michael Jackson’s Dangerous fell from the number one spot on the Billboard music charts, replaced by grunge rock band Nirvana’s sophomore album, Nevermind, bringing alternative rock to mainstream and commercial success. Ni rvana had started out in Seattle’s underground music scene and consisted of lead singer and songwriter Kurt Cobain, bassist Krist Novoselic and drummer Dave Grohl. Their sound was a subgenre of alternative rock known as grunge, a combination of punk rock and heavy metalRead MoreBritish American Influence on Australia1015 Words   |  5 PagesBefore 1945, many people, including Australians themselves, considered Australia to be nothing more than a British colony whose national identity was virtually the same as the British. During this period of Australias history, our modes of entertainment, food, fashion, sporting culture and our social values and attitudes were largely dictated by British culture. One of the most significant changes to have taken place in Australian society since the end of WWII, has been its drift towards AmericanRead More`` Wicked Games `` By Abel Tesfaye1566 Words   |  7 PagesIn the current era of popular music in America, childhood starlets often experience a shift or change in the genre and lyrical contents of the music they produce once they reach adulthood. While childhood stars such as Miley Cyrus and Britney Spears transformed their images towards more sexually and culturally liberal ones, African American artists, on the other hand, have to contend with toning down their music explicitly to appeal more towards white America. This essay will focus entirely on the

Schools, Colleges, and Institutes of Technology 2019

There are an extraordinary number of schools that provide education programs today in the field of technology. Generally, in the educational world, technology is loosely separated into the fields of computer science and information technology (IT). Computer science learning programs, at the college level, grew out of the electrical engineering departments at many schools. Many universities still issue degrees in electrical engineering with a computer science specialty. But, the point is that the term computer science covers the science of all types of technology hardware, from routers, to fiber optic switches, to laptop screens. Information technology programs include the study of computer data and its transmission in many forms. The Internet and its functions fall under information technology, as do computer networks and databases. Digital graphics is a form of information technology. The two terms divide an enormous body of learning into the loosely defined areas of hardware and the data that the hardware puts out. .u3c85d6ef32842901ca383ba94825e98e { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u3c85d6ef32842901ca383ba94825e98e:active, .u3c85d6ef32842901ca383ba94825e98e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u3c85d6ef32842901ca383ba94825e98e { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u3c85d6ef32842901ca383ba94825e98e .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u3c85d6ef32842901ca383ba94825e98e .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u3c85d6ef32842901ca383ba94825e98e:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Programming in JavaVirtually all community colleges will have associates degree programs in computer science, information technology or other academic spin-offs. Traditional universities also provide majors in computer science and in information technology. You can also find a good deal of specialization and a much more direct course to a degree through an online college. There are institutes and schools that specialize in certification courses for many of the technical support jobs that make technology systems work. CDI College is an online school with perhaps 20 different courses of study in computer networking, programming and maintenance. Everest College is a school with nine campuses and an online program that offers courses in such topics as computer information systems, advanced microcomputer applications, and applied office technology. These online schools and others like them focus on the field of certification for specific technology skill sets. Westwood College is an online school with 2 technology bachelors programs: information systems security and computer network management. Their 2 associates degree programs in technology specialize in computer network engineering and technical management. .u0bd7283c669561f763724ed70e00b0b8 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u0bd7283c669561f763724ed70e00b0b8:active, .u0bd7283c669561f763724ed70e00b0b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u0bd7283c669561f763724ed70e00b0b8 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u0bd7283c669561f763724ed70e00b0b8 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u0bd7283c669561f763724ed70e00b0b8 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u0bd7283c669561f763724ed70e00b0b8:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Business Administration SalariesUniversity of Phoenix Online has a series of bachelors and masters degrees that center on IT, many combined with a concentration on business: Associate of Arts in Information Technology. Associate of Arts in IT/Networking. Associate of Arts in IT/Visual Communication. Bachelor of Science in Business/ e-Business. Bachelor of Science in Business/Information Systems. Bachelor of Science in Information Technology. Bachelor of Science in IT/Information System Security. Bachelor of Science in IT/Visual Communication. MBA/Technology Management. MIS Master of Information Systems. Doctor of Management/Information Systems and Technology. Boston Universitys online affiliate Metropolitan College offers a bachelors in computer science and a bachelors in management information systems. Their masters programs include computer science/security and computer information systems/security. Those two degrees provide a clear illustration of the split between computer science (hardware) and IT (data). Kaplan University is another online institute with a comprehensive set of educational technology programs. They have 6 associates degrees and 6 bachelors degrees in such majors as database, web development, networking computer information systems, and wireless networking. .uf3593c4628ce23c36841987bfa801223 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uf3593c4628ce23c36841987bfa801223:active, .uf3593c4628ce23c36841987bfa801223:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uf3593c4628ce23c36841987bfa801223 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uf3593c4628ce23c36841987bfa801223 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uf3593c4628ce23c36841987bfa801223 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uf3593c4628ce23c36841987bfa801223:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Top Ten Things to Consider when Selecting an Online SchoolThese are a selection of online technology institutes that provide a wide spectrum of educational opportunity. Select your field of interest, and then go shopping for a technology institute that will teach you what you need to know. Related ArticlesHow to Find a Good Information Technology SchoolEarning a Computer Technology DegreeEarning Your Computer Technology EducationThe Relationship Beteween Computer Science and EngineeringEducation in the Computer Science FieldTechnology Schools

Analysis Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley - 987 Words

Alienation is a product of society’s inherently discriminatory bias, catalyzed by our fear of the unknown in the realm of interpersonal conduct. Mary Shelley, in her novel, Frankenstein, dissects society’s unmerited demonization of individuals who defy—voluntarily or involuntarily—conventional norms. Furthermore, through her detailed parallel development of Frankenstein and his monster, Shelley personifies the tendency to alienate on the basis of physical deformity, thereby illustrating the role of the visual in the obfuscation of morality. Even Frankenstein, the monster’s creator, is blind to the innocence of the being he animates. Upon reflection, he recounts, â€Å"breathless horror and disgust filled my heart†¦ unable to endure the aspect of the being I created, I rushed out of the room† (35), yet this rationalization lacks material justification. Frankenstein, as the creator, is endowed with a responsibility for the being he escorts into the world, a basic social value accepted by all. Nevertheless, he alienates his monster from its first breath, claiming, â€Å"no mortal could support the horror of [its] countenance† (36). Shelley employs this ironic twist of social expectations in order to emphasize the ability of visual bias to distort the expression of morality. To abandon a child is perceived as immoral, but to abandon a monster, born into the world with neither hateful bias nor malicious intent is acceptable. He is innocent in every aspect of disposition, yet society greetsShow MoreR elatedAnalysis Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pages2016 Frankenstein Literary Analysis Power is the ability to control something or someone into doing what is given. Knowledge is the understanding of an idea, but not yet following through with it. You can have knowledge without power but the two combined usually result in a better outcome. Victor creates a monster which goes on rampages after they go separate ways. Because Victor originally left it and never later took control of it, unfortunate consequences occurred. In Frankenstein, by Mary ShelleyRead MoreAnalysis Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1755 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein An Analysis of the use of knowledge In the novel Frankenstein by Marry Shelley, it is apparent that a lack of knowledge along with an abundance of knowledge can lead to the destruction of relationships that are ideal for a happy life. The theme of corruption through knowledge is a recurring literary device throughout the novel. This corruption compels the reader to question whether or not it is beneficial to have the vast amount of knowledge that Victor has. Knowledge is a powerfulRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early 1800s Mary Shelley set pen to a paper and started to develop a novel that little to her knowledge would become world renowned. In 1818 she finished and published the novel to sell to the European public. The novel caught the world off guard in the way that a female was able to write about such harsh, dark, and evil things in a European society whose authors like John Locke and Charles Montesquieu preached enlightenment, self exploration, and individualism all in an optimistic enablingRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1948 Words   |  8 PagesThere are many critical analyses to Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Two of these analyses bring forth varied interpretations. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar wrote â€Å"Mary Shelley’s Monstrous Eve.† Anne K. Mellor wrote â€Å"Possessing Nature: The Female in Frankenstein.† Gilbert and Gubar argue that Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein from the influence of her family in order to represent her personal life and life events. Mellor argues that the author wrote Frankenstein in order to represent many themes uponRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1615 Words   |  7 Pagesa whole and how accurate a depiction they might think it to be, they will miss out on many of the qualities of the painting that reside below the immediately apparent surface level. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a text dedicated to expounding upon the dangers of such superficial analysis. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley openly condemns the surface level and appearance oriented methodology under which the human mind operates. The very protagonist of the novel is inspired solely by reputation and howRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1758 Words   |  8 PagesFrankenstein was published over 200 years ago. Ever since it was published, it has been one of the most famous books known to literature. History.com Staff states that this book, by 21-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, is frequently called the world’s first science fiction novel (History.com Staff). According to Wikipedia, Shelley was an English novelist. She was born August 30th, 1797. She died on February 1st, 1951 (Wikipedia). Shelley came up with the idea of Frankenstein as she andRead MoreAnalysis Of Prometheus And Frankenstein By Mary Shelley Essay1996 Words   |  8 PagesPrometheus and Frankenstein both written in two different centuries I will show that our mentality hasn’t changes much in regards to monsters. While Prometheus and Frankenstein are, both consider monsters, Prometheus deals with trying to help humanity and Frankenstein deals with trying to find an understanding of why he was created. Both are considered monsters because of their actions. In the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, there is an article entitled Psychoanalytic Criticism and Frankenstein. In thisRead MoreAnalysis Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1449 Words   |  6 PagesDuality Makes The Man: What It Takes to Be Human in Frankenstein In her nineteenth century novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley explores the characteristics of humanity, illuminates societal influences on development, and challenges the traditional biological definition of human through character developments and interactions. Particularly, she focuses on the characterization of the creature and his creator, pitting an ugly, malformed giant against an educated, dedicated scientist to establish a surprisingRead MoreAnalysis Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1372 Words   |  6 Pageshumanity. Although not in the technological age, the characters in Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, experience isolation due to bad choices or the opinions of society. Yet, the true evil in Frankenstein is not the characters, but isolation itself. When one is disengaged from family and society, egotism, violence, and revenge occur. Victor Frankenstein decides to abandon his family for six years in order to focus on his quest for glory. Frankenstein became focused on creating a scientific miracle that he isolatesRead MoreAnalysis Of Frankenstein By Mary Shelley1590 Words   |  7 PagesIn this sense, she was actually quite similar to Frankenstein’s monster from the novel, Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley. The monster is brought to life by Victor Frankenstein only to be abandoned moments after his creation. Desperate to find companionship and make sense of the world, the monster ventures off on his own, only to be shunned by society because of â€Å"hideous† appearance and â€Å"gigantic† stature (Shelley). Miserably alone in a cruel world, the monster extracts his revenge on his creator by killing

The Nature of Love - 2443 Words

â€Å"Harry couldn’t help it, he was in love†. What does such a statement imply about the nature of love? Write an essay which argues your particular view on the nature of love and the object of that love. Limit your answer to the notion of romantic love and use Robert Ehman as a starting point. Everybody seems to believe that love is a good thing. However, not all agree on what love is. Is love that warm fuzzy feeling a person has when they are with a familiar person? According to the Bible, love is caring in action. Love is not what we feel, but what we do; however the object of love is not defined. (Bible Gateway, 2012) In this discussion I will describe what the nature of love is based on the idea of love as a verb, as something one†¦show more content†¦If lust is confused as feelings of love in one individual this begins to draw upon the consequences where a lover may be hurt causing emotional pain. For this reason I agree with Ehman that love demands both individuals to experience the same levels of emotional connections to define ‘true love.’ Harry may drive way his lover through romantic acts of what he believes to show love (kissing etc) which may mean different things to his lover if she is not sharing the connection of true love with him. In relation to Ehman’s view of romantic love Hatfield and Rapson, (1987) also distinguished there are different types of love, known as romantic and affectionate love. Romantic love is passionate and involves strong feelings of longing, desire and excitement towards a special person. (Baumeister amp; Bushman, 2008) The emotional values of romantic love make people want to spend as much time together as possible. Romantic lovers tend to want to touch each other and engage in intimate activities such as sex to show how they do love. ‘Doing love’ from a passionate and romanticised angle could involve thoughts of not being able to control emotional feelings. For example always thinking about a lover is a common way of ‘doing love.’Show MoreRelatedLove : The Nature Of Love1912 Words   |  8 PagesThe Nature of Love in Till We Have Faces The concept of love is a varying, odd and often fleeting thing. It is one of the single things in this world that almost every person might have a different definition for. People have even created different languages in which to give and receive love so we might understand and better love one another, to which everyone s is different. Over time the definition of love has changed - yes it may always have stayed the same in the dictionary, but the perceptionRead MoreThe Nature of Love2430 Words   |  10 Pageswas in love†. What does such a statement imply about the nature of love? Write an essay which argues your particular view on the nature of love and the object of that love. Limit your answer to the notion of romantic love and use Robert Ehman as a starting point. Everybody seems to believe that love is a good thing. However, not all agree on what love is. Is love that warm fuzzy feeling a person has when they are with a familiar person? According to the Bible, love is caring in action. Love is notRead MoreThe True Nature Of Love1338 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Love? â€Å"Love, whether newly born or aroused from a deathlike slumber, must always create sunshine, filling the heart so full of radiance, that it overflows upon the outward world.† According to Hawthorne, the true nature of love should not flow from a place of contrived affection. Although Hawthorne’s notion of romantic love is rather idealistic, it starkly contrasts the way â€Å"love† functioned in Puritan society. Many young women at that time were quick to jump into marriages devoid ofRead MoreThe Subjective Nature Of Love999 Words   |  4 Pagessubjective, then anything that I believe is beautiful is indeed beautiful. This implies that there is no standard definition of the word â€Å"beauty.† Its definition is tied to my attitude. Using the subjective nature of love leads us to a judgment of taste, which has no logic. The subjective nature of love depends on one’s taste and feeling about beauty. For instance, our judgment about a rose flower or early morning sunshine could be different because of the subjective definition of beauty. It is also importantRead MoreThe Truth and Nature of Love in Shakespeare in Love1225 Words   |  5 Pages John Madden’s Shakespeare in Love is a ‘romantic comedy’ set in the class-dominated society of Elizabethan England. The two protagonists and â€Å"Star-crossed lovers† of the film come from completely different ends of the class spectrum. Will Shakespeare is a â€Å"lowly player† with writer’s block searching for his muse and wealthy Viola De Lesseps who dreams of â€Å"love as there has never been in a play† are fortune’s fools as the viewer must come to realise that love cannot conquer all. Madden conveysRead MoreThe Connection Between Nature And Love1066 Words   |  5 PagesxWorld renounced artist, Vincent Van Gough once said, â€Å"If you truly love nature, you will find beauty everywhere†. Often people associate nature with just being the outdoors, plants, and animals, but it also can be more than that, such as human nature. In other words, the art and desires of humans and what is considered â€Å"natural†. This connection of human nature is depicted through the desires and human love shown in the Egyptian love poems. Poems such as â€Å"Sister Without Peer†, â€Å"My Brother TormentsRead MoreThe Nature Of Love By Harry Harlow1619 Words   |  7 Pages Harry Harlow was labeled as a man with a desire for learning about what he presumed love to be and consequently, dedicated his later career to the subject. Life presented him with ups and downs yet, he pursued his research with a vigor. He developed notions about the concepts of affection in contrast to bodily needs and what could possibly derive from one not receiving love. This guided him to establish observational research methods to study his ideas via the use of infant primates which, yieldedRead MorePlatos Symposium : The Nature Of Love1592 Words   |  7 Pages Plato’s Symposium describes the nature of love to be the driving force towards immortality. Aristophanes perpetuates this idea through his allegorical d escription of human’s original nature, and the component of the driving force of love within that nature. The underlying goal of this force of love is immortality, though he does not directly articulate it in his speech. It is with the emergence of Socrates’ ideas that we are equipped with sufficient evidence reinforcing Aristophanes’ story to beRead MoreComparing The Theaetetus And The Nature Of Love1602 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many connections between the nature of knowledge in the Theaetetus and the nature of love in the Symposium. The concept of philosophy brings together the nature of knowledge and love. Notably, Diotima calls Love a lover of wisdom which in Greek means literally a philosopher (Benjamin Jowett, trans. Plato, Symposium and Phaedrus 27). Philia means, love and sophia means wisdom. The main topic of Plato’s Symposium is the question â€Å"what is love†. It is a record of six speeches by differentRead MoreThe Nature Of Love By Roger Hock1338 Words   |  6 PagesLove can be an amazing thing and it is often said that nothing compares to the bond between a mother and her child, yet before a study called â€Å"The nature of love† which is discussed in the book â€Å"Forty studies that changed psychology: Explorations into the history psychological research,† our society had a very different understand about what caused this bond (Hock, 2013). In the book the author Roger Hock explores many different influential studies but in the section called â€Å"Discovering Love,† he

Herpes Simplex Virus Free Essays

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection at the Molecular Level Research Paper Virology 24 November 2008 Abstract Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is widespread and causes significant disease in humans. The structure, epidemiology, pathogensis and immune response are examined in this review, as well as specific ways to reduce and eliminate pathology and related diseases. The virus naturally infects mucosal areas and begins the search for its target host cell. We will write a custom essay sample on Herpes Simplex Virus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Upon binding to the host cell membrane via teams of glycoproteins, the virion is then phagocytosed. Soon the nucleus is seized and all regular host cell mechanisms are shut off. Replication of HSV-1 is specific encoding immediate early, early and late genes. Once the virus replication process is complete the virus exits epithelial cells near the site of infection through a process known as cell lysis. Sensory neurons are the specific target of HSV-1, where it can then travel to the trigeminal ganglia (TG) stoma via neuronal microtubular networks. Both innate and adaptive immune systems respond to the infection with various antibodies, interleukins and interferons. Once the virion reaches the nervous system, the immune responses are unable to detect it although they try to contain it as best they can. HSV-1 enters a latent stage, usually via latent associated transcripts, not causing pathogenesis but unable to fight off by means of the host immune system. Following a stressful situation or similarly UV activation, HSV-1 travels back down nerve fibers to re-infect cells near the original site of infection. This process is known to continue throughout the lifespan of the infected individual, normally without fatalities. When the host immune response is unable to contain the virus in the TG, several associated diseases such as encephalitis and keratits result. Genes involved with virus replication and host genes, to eliminate the virus, have been maneuvered to cause reverse effects and are currently used as antivirals. Although no vaccine has been approved for use against HSV-1, various attempts have been made. This research paper defines the virus infection at a molecular level as well as demonstrates modifications of the virus genes to cause reverse effects and investigates just a few of the diseases connected with HSV-1. Introduction Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 are well known members of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, which cause lifelong, latent infection in humans. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) typically remains the cause of cold sores, gingivostomatitis, and skin lesions in the orofacial area, as well as many rare but fatal conditions (1). Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is primarily associated with genital area infection. Worldwide, approximately one third of people display clinical manifestations of HSV-1 infection (2). HSV-1 is neurotropic, infecting multiple cell types but establishing latency in the trigeminal ganglia (TG). HSV-1 reactivates, in response to certain stimuli such as emotional or physical stress or UV light, and is transported along nerve fibers to mucosal or cutaneous regions (1). Infected cells show signs of the nucleus changing shape and nucleolus displacement with a formation of multinucleated giant cells. Cells degenerate, lyse and vesicles of fluid containing the virus locate between the epidermis and dermal layer of the skin forming a lesion (2). Although HSV-1 infects a large percentage of the population, few actually show symptoms of disease. HSV Structure and Genome HSV-1 is an enveloped double stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus consisting of four elements. First, an outer envelope with glycoprotein spikes on its surface. Second, a tegument layer including several viral proteins important during HSV-1 infection. Third, an iscosahedral capsid surrounding the last compartment, the electron opaque core containing the dsDNA genome wrapped as a spool. The envelope is made up of 13 different viral glycoproteins embedded in a lipid bilayer. The viral genome of 152 kb, encode the majority of the proteins of the mature virion. Covalently linked L (long) and S (short) components are broken down into unique long (Ul), flanked by ab and b’a’ repeated segments, and unique short (Us), flanked by ac and c’a’ repeated segments. Homologous recombination between terminal repeats results in four linear isomers at equimolar concentrations (see figure 1). All four isomers, including P (prototype), IL (inversion of the L component), IS (inversion of the S component) and ISL (inversion of both the S and the L component), encode 90 unique transcription genes essential for viral replication (3). HSV Replication Infection is first initialted by the attachment to the host cell glucosaminoglycans, usually heparin sulphate and chondroiton sulphate, with viral glycoprotein C (gC). This bond results in at least five glycoprtoeins, gB, gC, gD, gH and gL, binding to other cell surface receptors, such as Herpesvirus entry mediator or nectin 1? or ? (4). Fusion of the viral envelope follows, and the de-enveloped tegument capsid is transported to the nuclear pores via the microtubular network, where DNA is released into the nucleus. Nuclear pore complex accepts the viral DNA from the capsid, minimizing the diffusion of DNA to the cytoplasm, and the transfer is completed by nuclear pore proteins (5). The viral genome circularizes upon entering the nucleus, and transcription of the five immediate early genes (IE) is done by the host RNA polymerase II. Among the IE genes are ICP0, ICP4, ICP22, ICP27 and ICP47. Host transcription, RNA splicing and transport are inhibited during replication, known as host cell shut off. Early (E) viral genes encode enzymes in nucleotide metabolism and viral DNA replication and require the presence of IE genes. Viral E gene products, including viral DNA polymerase, single-stranded DNA-binding protein, origin binding protein and DNA helicase-primase, assemble on the parental viral DNA and start DNA synthesis in replication compartments. Three DNA replication origins bind by viral origin-binding protein, separate the DNA strands and initiate viral DNA synthesis. Expression of the late (L) genes begins and produces structural components of the virion. Capsid assembly occurs in the cytoplasm and the associated proteins are then transported to the nucleus. Progeny DNA concatamers are cleaved into monomers and are inserted into the capsid. Cleavage and packing of HSV-1 genome requires two cis-acting elements, pac1 and pac2. Next the nucleocapsid matures and egress by passing through the Golgi apparatus with the tegument layer and the virion envelope. (3) HSV Latency After infection of the mucosa or epithelial abrasion, HSV-1 enters sensory neurons near the site of infection and the tegument and nucleocapsid travel by retrograde axonal transport to cell neuronal soma releasing viral DNA and VP16, when the virus may enter lytic replication or the latent state. Lytic replication results in neuronal cell death as described above. (2,3) During latency the genome circularizes and enters a heavily chromatinated state where no infectious virus is produced and the majority of viral gene expression is silenced. Latency associated transcripts (LAT), mRNA genes, are the only transcripts found in latent neurons (6). Expression of LATs is not absolutely required for maintenance of latency. Reactivation triggers the virus to be transported in the opposite direction, antrograde, and re-infection occurs at the initial site of infection. HSV and the Immune System The immune response to HSV-1 includes both innate and adaptive immune responses. Innate immunity is the first line of defense including natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and various cytokines and complement proteins. Initial response involves secreted proteins, such as defensins and complement proteins. Complement proteins bind HSV antigens resulting in the cleavage of complement molecules. This, followed by the formation of the membrane attack complex, destroys the virus. HSV gC blocks the complement cascade, counteracting the effects of complement. The adaptive immune response is triggered with B cell memory enhanced in response to the virus. An antiviral state is induced by infected epithelial cells and resident interferon producing cells (IPCs), secreting interferon ? and ? , priming the surrounding cells for apoptosis. Tumor necrosis factors ? (TNF-? ) is also produced by IPCs and acts as an autocrine signal stimulating differentiation of ICPs to dendritic cells. They can travel to the lymph nodes to stimulate CD4+ T cells to produce IFN-? and interleukin 10 (IL-10). After infection and replication, HSV-1 destroys infected cells and travels to sensory neurons. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, NK and TCR+ T cells infiltrate the TG, control the infection and prevent the spread of the virus to rear by cells, including the brain. The adaptive immune response is driven by the innate immune response. Antigen presenting cells migrate from the site of infection to the regional lymph node to present CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells. Deficient complement cascades leads to less vigorous memory response to HSV-1. Antibodies against gD and the gH-gL complex are found to protect against HSV-1 and are observed as cross reactive to other strains of HSV. Macrophages engulf viral proteins and cell particles from lysed cells and also secrete cytokines favoring the T helper (Th) cell CD4+ response. CD8+ cytoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are produced and they react with epitopes displayed on infected cells, which are then targeted for apoptosis. See figure 2. The IE protein ICP 27 contains potent CTL epitopes. The efficacy of gB to induce a CTL response suggests gB is the immunodominant antigen of HSV-1. (2) Beneficial Modifications of Genes Associated with Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 and Relative Associated Diseases Occasionally the immune system is unable to prevent HSV-1 from spreading to surrounding structures such as the eye. Ocular HSV-1 infection is termed herpetic keratitis, tissue destruction of the eye, and is currently treated with trifluridine or valacyclovir to inhibit HSV-1 DNA polymerase and terminate synthesis of the sugar backbone of viral DNA. The current antiviral compounds require phosphorylation by the infected cell, meaning the antiviral activity cannot take place until the infection has progressed to the point where specific viral thymidine kinase is synthesized. A new idea involves helicase-primase inhibitors acting to prevent the unwinding of the double-stranded DNA and the initiation of the new strand synthesis necessary for viral production. Kleymann et al. found a compound, BAY 57-1293, more potent and more effective than valacyclovir and unassociated with systemic toxicity to initiate the described mechanism. (7) A similar study explored the lesion associated with the tissue destruction of the cornea, specifically angiogenesis of stromal keratits (SK). The fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2), a molecule known to stimulate cell growth to contribute to wound healing, was targeted to observe the antiviral activity via its effect on HSV-1 cell entry. FGF-2 inhibits HSV-1 from binding to heparin sulfate, thus hindering entrance into the host cell. Results of this study suggest severity and clinical SK could be significantly diminished by daily treatment of lesions with FGF-2 protein, due to accelerated epithelial wound healing. (8) Similarly, HSV-1 can surpass the immune response and travel to the brain. HSV-1 encephalitis is the most devastating consequence of HSV and the most ommon cause of fetal encephalitis. Early growth response 1 (Erg-1) is a zinc finger transcription factor expressed in neural tissue, and is induced during stress. It regulates growth, apoptosis, angiogenesis and development. Erg-1 is known to regulate several viral genes, including LATs, and is inducible by viral proteins. Erg-1 increases viral replication in infe cted cells and mortality in infected mice. Knockout of Erg-1 expression was shown to reduce the mortality by decreasing the viral loads to tissues in a study conducted by Shis-Heng Chen et al. 9) It has been demonstrated HSV-1 can induce increased activity of central norepinephrine or serotonin neurons, by activating the cell bodies located in the brain stem, following encephalitis. Increased brain stem activity of these neurotransmitters can impair glucocorticoids (GC) negative feedback receptors, activating cytokines IL-1 and TNF? , reducing the binding capacity of said GC receptors. Impaired control of the GC negative feedback regulation upon the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis has been suggested as an important aspect in major depression. (10) Thrombin is a result of the generation of sequential proteolytic enzymes activating circular precursor enzymes and cofactors for blood clotting. HSV-1, HSV-2 and cytomegalovirus have been shown to avoid cellular control of coagulation initiation through the constitutive expression of procoagulant phospholipids and tissue factor. This allows the unregulated generation of thrombin because tissue factor can bind ciruculating factor VIIa, forming a cofactor-enzyme complex directly on the virus. ‘Tenase’ activity has been credited to HSV-1 encoded gC, which accelerates the FVIIa-dependent activation of FX. FXa associates with its cofactor V to convert prothrombin to thrombin. Assembly of FX and FV leading to thrombin generation has been demonstrated on the virus surface. Herpes virus genomic material has been associated with atherosclerosis plaque, thrombosis and atherosclerosis due to the unregulated production of thrombin. (11) It is well known NK cells aid in the fight against HSV-1 infection. Severe herpetic infections have been seen in NK -deficient patients, as well as early infiltrations of herpetic lesions by NK cells. This due to damage of HLA class 1 expression by HSV-1 and the lysis of HSV-1 infected targets by NK cells. E. Estefania et al. presented a study suggesting clinical symptoms of HSV-1 infection being more likely to happen among humans expressing the NK cell receptors KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2. The genes encoding the receptors appear to increase the risk of recurrent infection, where the lack of the receptors is shown to protect from the disease. (1) Conclusion HSV-1 can cause severe recurrent disease in humans and establish lifelong infection in their hosts. Several antiviral approaches have been considered to counteract the effects of HSV-1 throughout the body yet no vaccine, to cure the infection from its host, has been accepted. Acyclovir, and its ester derivative valacyclovir, as well as penciclovir and its prodrug famciclovir, are the latest approved antiviral medications to battle HSV-1 infection. Several other strategies are currently under investigation such as potential therapeutic vaccines, cidofovir, and aqueous extracts in Africa. Past attempts of vaccines have utilized viral vectors, DNA vaccination, recombinant bacteria, cytokines to manipulate the immune response, novel adjuvants, innovative delivery systems and different routes of inoculation. Most of which have been successful in lab mice but none have been approved for human use. Therapeutic vaccines target symptomatic individuals, using DNA vaccines encoding various cytokines used to intentionally bias the immune system toward Th1 or Th2 responses. Different boosts with different cytokine adjuvants may be used to induce proper immune response. (2) Extracts from the eastern cape of Africa, Aloe ferox and Withania somnifera, confirmed morphological changes indicative of cytopathic effects that retard the replication and spread of HSV-1. (12) Furthermore, a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient developed mucosal HSV-1 infection, and while under acyclovir treatment, later showed resistance to the antiviral. After developing hemorrhagic cystitis due to polyomavirus BK, cidofovir was prescribed and the patient profited from the broad spectrum anti-DNA virus activity with the disappearance of HSV-1 lesions. (13) In conclusion, as described above the mechanisms by which HSV-1 hijacks and hides out in its host, have been studied to great detail and are routinely manipulated. The particularly complex structure, as well as detailed means by which each gene in the large genome is activated and carries out its genes products, intrigue many scientists which continue to investigate and attempt a formidable vaccine against the virus. Studies among mice have proven effective, although HSV-1 is a very host specific infection, thus making trials of acceptable anitvirals and vaccines extremely difficult. The only slightly acceptable element of HSV-1 infection is, in rare cases where no reoccurrences is shown, and moreover there are many instances of asymptomatic carriers. Devastating incidence such as transferring HSV-1 to a neonate during delivery and schizophrenics showing decreased prefrontal grey matter due to HSV-1, are just a pinch of the terrifying effects of this virus, remaining in host TG until a stressful situation comes along. 14,15) Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 Genome (Figure 1) 00 Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection (Figure 2) Works Cited 1. )Estefania, E, et al. â€Å"Influence of KIR gene diversity on the course of HSV-1 infection: resistance to the disease is associated with the absence of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2. † Tissue Antigens 70. 1 (July 2007): 34-41. MEDLINE. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 19 Nov. 2008 . 2. )Ferenczy, Michael W. â€Å"Prophylactic Vaccine Strategies and the Potential of Therapeutic Vaccines Against Herpes Simplex Virus. † Current Pharmaceutical Design 13. 9 July 2007): 1975-1988. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 19 Nov. 2008 . 3. )Shen, Y, and J Nemunaitis.. â€Å"Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for cancer treatment. † Cancer Gene Therapy 13. 11 (07 Nov. 2006): 975-992. MEDLINE. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 19 Nov. 2008 . 4. )Clement, Christian, et al. â€Å"A novel role for phagocytosis-like uptake in herpes simplex virus entry. † Journal of Cell Biology 174. 7 (25 Sep. 2006): 1009-1021. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 4 Sep. 2008 . 5. )Newcomb, William W, Frank P Booy, and Jay C Brown. â€Å"Uncoating the herpes simplex virus genome. † Journal Of Molecular Biology 370. 4 (20 July 2007): 633-642. MEDLINE. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 3 Sep. 2008 . 6. )Ramachandran, Srividya, and Paul R Kinchington.. â€Å"Potential prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines for HSV infections. † Current Pharmaceutical Design 13. 19 (2007): 1965-1973. MEDLINE. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 22 Nov. 2008 . 7. )Kaufman, Herbert E, et al. Efficacy of a helicase-primase inhibitor in animal models of ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. † Journal Of Ocular Pharmacology And Therapeutics: The Official Journal Of The Association For Ocular Pharmacology And Therapeutics 24. 1 (Feb. 2008): 34-42. MEDLINE. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 19 Nov. 2008 . 8. )Kim, Bumseok, et al. â€Å"Application of FGF-2 to Modulate Herpetic Stromal Keratitis. † Current Eye Research 31. 12 (Dec. 2006): 1021-1028. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 19 Nov. 2008 . 9. )Chen S, Yao H, Chen I, Shieh B, Li C, Chen S. Suppression of transcription factor early growth response 1 reduces herpes simplex virus lethality in mice. Journal of Clinical Investigation [serial online]. October 2008;118(10):3470-3477. Available from: Academic Search Premier, Ipswich, MA. Accessed November 22, 2008. 10. )Bener, Dafna, et al. â€Å"Glucocorticoid Resistance following Herpes Simplex-1 Infection: Role of Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Receptors. † Neuroendocrinology 85. 4 (Apr. 2007): 207-215. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 19 Nov. 2008 . 11. )Thrombin paper 12. )Kambizi, L. , et al. Anti-viral effects of aqueous extracts of Aloe Xerox and Withania somnifera on herpes simplex virus type 1 in cell culture. † South African Journal of Science 103. 9/10 (Sep. 2007): 359-360. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 10 Sep. 2008 . 13. )Andrei, G, et al. â€Å"Dual infection with polyomavirus BK and acyclovir-resistant herpes s implex virus successfully treated with cidofovir in a bone marrow transplant recipient. † Transplant Infectious Disease: An Official Journal Of The Transplantation Society 9. 2 (June 2007): 126-131. MEDLINE. EBSCO. Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 19 Nov. 2008 . 14. )Brown, Elizabeth L. , et al. â€Å"Effect of maternal herpes simplex virus (HSV) serostatus and HSV type on risk of neonatal herpes. † Acta Obstetricia Gynecologica Scandinavica 86. 5 (May 2007): 523-529. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 17 Sep. 2008 . 15. )Prasad, K. M. R. , et al. â€Å"Brain morphological changes associated with exposure to HSV1 in first-episode schizophrenia. † Molecular Psychiatry 12. 1 (Jan. 2007): 105-113. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 1 Oct. 2008 . How to cite Herpes Simplex Virus, Papers

LIFE IS A DREAM Essay Thesis Example For Students

LIFE IS A DREAM Essay Thesis A monologue from the play by Pedro Calderon de la Barca NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Eight Dramas of Calderon. Trans. Edward Fitzgerald. London: Macmillan Co., 1906. SEGISMUND: Princes and warriors of PolandyouThat stare on this unnatural sight aghast,Listen to one who, Heaven-inspired to doWhat in its secret wisdom Heaven forecast,By that same Heaven instructed prophet-wiseTo justify the present in the past.What in the sapphire volume of the skiesIs writ by Gods own finger misleads none,But him whose vain and misconstructed eyes,They mock with misinterpretation,Or who, mistaking what he rightly read,Ill commentary makes, or misappliesThinking tno shirk or thwart it. Which has doneThe wisdom of this venerable head;Who, well provided with the secret keyTo that gold alphabet, himself made me,Himself, I say, the savage he fore-readFate somehow should be charged with; nippd the growthOf better nature in constraint and sloth,That only bring to bear the seed of wrongAnd turnd the stream to fury whose out-burstHad kept his lawful channel uncoerced,And fertilized the land he flowd along.Then like to some unskilful duellist,Who having over-reached himself pushing too hardHis foe, or but a moment off his guardWhat odds, when Fate is ones antagonist!Nay, more, this royal father, self-dismaydAt having Fate against himself arrayd,Upon himself the very sword he knewShould wound him, down upon his bosom drew,That might well handled, well have wrought; or, keptUndrawn, have harmless in the scabbard slept.But Fate shall not by human force be broke,Nor foild by human feint; the Secret learndAgainst the scholar by that master turndWho to himself reserves the master-stroke.Witness whereof this venerable Age,Thrice crownd as Sire, and Sovereign, and Sage,Down to the very dust dishonourd byThe very means he tempted to defyThe irresistible. And shall not I,Till now the mere dumb instrument that wroughtThe battle Fate has with my father fought,Now the mere mouth-piece of its victoryOh, shall not I, the champions sword laid down,Be yet more shamed to wear the teachers gown,And, blushing at the part I had to play,Down where the honourd head I was to layBy this more just submission of my own,The treason Fate has forced on me atone?You stare upon me all, amazed to hearThe word of civil justice from such lipsAs never yet seemd tuned to such discourse.But listenIn that same enchanted tower,Not long ago I learnd it from a dreamExpounded by this ancient prophet here;And which he told me, should it come again,How I should bear myself beneath it; notAs then with angry passion all on fire,Arguing and making a distemperd soul;But evn with justice, mercy, self-control,As if the dream I walkd in were no dream,And conscience one day to account for it.A dream it was in which I thought myself,And you that haild me now then haild me King,In a brave palace that was all my own,Within, and all without it, mine; until,Drunk with excess of majesty and pride,Methought I towerd so high and swelld so wide,That of myself I burst the glittering bubble,That my ambition had about me blown,And all again was darkness. Such a dreamAs this in which I may be walking now;Dispensing solemn justice to you shadows,Who make believe to listen; but anon,With all your glittering arms and equipage,King, princes, captains, warriors, plume and steel,Ay, evn with all your airy theatre,May flit into the air you seem to rendWith acclamation, leaving me to wakeIn the dark tower; or dreaming that I wakeFrom this that waking is; or this and thatBoth waking or both dreaming; such a doubtConfounds and clouds our mortal life about.And, whether wake or dreaming, this I know,How dream-wise human glories come and go;Whose momentary tenure not to break,Walking as one who knows he soon may wakeSo fairly carry the full cup, so wellDisorderd insolence and passion quell,That there be nothing after to upbraidDreamer or doer in the part he playd,Whether To-morrows dawn shall break the spell,Or the Last Trumpet of the eternal Day,When Dreaming with the Night shall pass away. .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 , .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 .postImageUrl , .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 , .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1:hover , .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1:visited , .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1:active { border:0!important; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1:active , .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1 .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0e49ad265c6bb46d6d32df5236e2bea1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Martin Luther King Jr. Dream Speach Essay

Methods of Controlling Emissions in IC Engines

Question: Discuss about the Methods of Controlling Emissions in IC Engines. Answer: Introduction The milestones achieved in global economy in regards to clean energy despite the eminent climatic change has sparked a number of research activities in the industrial world with the view of investing more on the alternative sources of energy. Owing to the fact that automobiles are presently a chief source of air pollution, major automotive firms and state governments are working together to offer a solution that will lead to the decline of vehicle emissions and a corresponding decrease in the utilization of fossil fuel. Various manufacturers have in the recent past embarked on research on the different methods of reducing the overreliance on fossil fuel and the need to come up with sources of alternative power. Such milestones in the research include the electrically propelled vehicle engines and the internal combustion (IC) engine vehicles. Some of the commonly used fuels in the present times for the IC engine vehicle are natural gas, methanol, diesel, gasoline, and supercharging an d turbo charging gasoline. One of the reasons for the widespread utilization of IC engine is that the high-energy content can be easily transported. However, its major drawback is that the combustion of fuels results to hazardous emissions to the environment. The aim of this paper is to establish the ways of controlling such emissions in an IC engine. The main pollutants generated by the IC engines are carbon monoxide, NOX, noncombustible hydrocarbons, and other emissions in particulate form. All fuel-combusting systems emit carbon dioxide in enormous volumes that result to green house effect. Methods of Controlling Emissions in IC Engines Diesel Particulate Filters Since 2000, Diesel Particulate Filters have been used in manufacturing of vehicles. Since the development of the Euro 5 norm, the technology has been used as a standard device on all new diesel cars among the European nations (Favre, May Bosteels, 2011). Some buses and trucks that bear the euro 5 norm emissions standards were installed the diesel particulate filters to meet the requirements of the number of emissions of mass and particle. The figure below shows a wall-flow DPF. Figure 1wall-flow DPF Catalyst Control Technologies The principle by which this method operates in controlling the gaseous emissions from an IC engine is based on chemical catalysis process. The catalyst results to chemical reactions without being consumed or changed. The catalytic control system constitutes a steel housing with a size that depends on the engine size where it is contained. The steel housing bears a ceramic or metallic structure that acts as a catalyst substrate or support. The figure below shows ceramic substrates. Figure 2 ceramic substrates The engine steel housing does not have any moving parts. It only has its substrate interior surfaces coated with base metals. In some other cases, the interior surface is coated with precious catalytic metallic elements like vanadium, palladium, and platinum and this relies on the pollutants targeted. Catalysts convert pollutants into non-toxic gases by generating chemical reactions within the exhaust stream. Such reactions vary based on the technology being employed (Sharaf, 2013). In addition, the technology adopted depends on whether the engine is working under stoichiometric, lean, or rich conditions. At any rate, the catalysts in emission control are aimed at eliminating nitrogen oxide gas, carbon dioxide, and others pollutant matter to differing degrees. The choice of the method of an emission control for gaseous emissions relies on the operating mode of the engine such as load and speed, the engine type, and the targeted pollutants. In some cases that involve rich burn engines, the oxides of nitrogen may be the only emission that is controlled. In such a case, there may be minimum reduction in carbon monoxide. On the contrary, in the scenario of lean burn and stoichiometric engines, considerable reductions in all the three major pollutants can be attained. Various emission control methods have to be used in stationary IC engines based on the air to fuel ratio of the engine. The reason is that the composition of the exhaust gas varies based on the operating condition of the engine such as stoichiometric burn, lean or rich. The operating mode of the engine such as its load and speed should be considered since this affects the temperature of the exhaust gas. Non-selective catalytic reduction This method is capable of achieving considerable reductions of oxides of nitrogen for rich burn engines. In a case where the engine operates as stoichiometric point (=1) the technology is termed three-way catalyst (Sharaf, 2013). In such a case, other emissions are reduced apart from the oxides of nitrogen such as carbon monoxide. On the other hand, lean oxides of nitrogen and oxidation catalysts offer a minimal or no emission control in a rich-burn condition. Notwithstanding, in a lean-burn condition, oxidation catalysts offer a substantial reduction in both the oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Selective Catalytic Reduction For more than fifteen years, the method has been employed in controlling NOx emissions generated by the rich-burn engines. When used, the IC engines have shown the capacity to realize over 98 % reduction in emissions (Sharaf, 2013). More than three thousand rich-burn IC engines have been fitted with this technology as a technique of controlling the nitrogen oxide emissions from lean-burn stationary Internal Combustion engines. The method was first adopted in the United States and since that time, it has continued to gain popularity. Lean-burn engines are known to generate exhaust rich in oxygen and this makes the reduction of nitrogen dioxide typically impracticable when non-selective catalyst technology is employed. On the other hand, the introduction of a reducing agent like urea or ammonia and other agents aid in the chemical reaction. The reaction is as shown below. The reactions that take place when the reducing agents are used leads to the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions by more than 90% (Heck Farrauto, 2001). Such a method is known as selective catalytic reduction since the catalyst only aims at reducing the oxides of nitrogen. The diagram below shows a selective catalytic reduction. Figure 3 selective catalytic reduction Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) According to Kumar and Rehman (2011), the HCCI technology can reduce the particulate matter and NOx emissions by the spark ignition and compression combustion engines that use fossil fuels. This is possible by the application of two significant processes. The first process involves the auto ignition of the NOx and Particulate matter mixture as a result of the compression heat. The second process involves the formation of a homogenous mixture of NOx and particulate matter found in the diesel fuels. According to Jin and Zheng (2015), the homogenous mixture is achieved by port injection. The only challenges however, are the viscous nature of the diesel fuel, high octane number, and a broad range of the boiling points. This has an impact of prolonged mixing time of the diesel fuel to form a homogenous mixture whereas; the time taken for chemical ignition is short. In addition, there is the challenge of fuel wetting owing to the nature of the diesel fuel. Future Prospects According to Alagumalai (2014), one of the future prospects in emission control in IC engines is technology forcing. The author argues that in this approach, the regulatory agency establishes certain requirements to ensure a limit on the amount of emissions allowed over a particular period using indeterminate technology. In most cases, such technologies have not been fully exploited or fully utilized or used widely on commercial basis despite pilot demonstrations and experimentation. Such efforts are aimed at cutting down the automobile emissions responsible for greenhouse effect such as carbon dioxide that for the last 40 years have doubled, with the highest global contributors being the United States and China (Alagumalai, 2014). The second emerging trend in the reduction of emissions by the automobile industry is the use of bio-fuels to replace the fossil fuels such as petrol and diesel. According to (Alagumalai, 2014), the research conducted by the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology on the bio-fuels have demonstrated potential cost and environmental benefits of such a fuel in the IC engines. The author mentions that the research revealed the ability of the bio-fuels to minimize the greenhouse emissions by the IC engines by 50% as opposed to fossil fuels. Payri et al. (2014) corroborates that bio-fuels can significantly reduce the impact of GHG on the IC engines owing to its cost-effectiveness similar to that of electrical engines but with much reduced increment in the lifetime cost. The author also mentions that countries like Brazil have already implemented the laws that increase the bio-fuel share. The third emerging trend in the reduction of emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide by the automobile engines is the adoption of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEV) and Electrical Vehicles (EV). According to Payri et al. (2014), the two technologies can achieve this aim using electricity production mix. In the present times, European countries, Japan, and the United States are the leading in the adoption of the EV and HEV technologies. The report released by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association shows that between 2020 and 2025, the market share for the EV and HEV engines will rise between 3 to 10%. Conclusion There have been great achievements the in global economy in relation to clean energy in spite of the inevitable climatic change. These have significantly resulted to a number of research attempts in the automobile space across the globe with the aim of investing more on the subsidiary sources of energy. Because the automobile engines are presently the major air pollutants, majority of the automotive firms and state governments across the globe are collaborating to offer a solution that will result to the control of automobile emissions of carbon dioxide and other exhaust gases and analogous decrease in the consumption of fossil fuels such as gasoline and petrol. The quantity of carbon dioxide passed off from the automobile sector accounts for an average of 20 percent of the entire amount of carbon dioxide released to the atmosphere globally. As a result, because of the need to control or manage global warming, there is a corresponding need to control this percentage to a manageable a mount in the atmosphere. There is commonly a great amount of carbon dioxide released by the automobile sector and this continually leads to stringent standards of fuel economy globally. This sequentially necessitates improvement of fuel economy by the automobile engines. Some of the technologies commonly used to cut down emissions by the IC engines include Diesel Particulate Filters, homogenous charge compression ignition (HCCI), and Catalyst Control Technologies. However, each of the methods have their drawbacks and this means there is need for future developments and innovations to come up with the potential ways of reducing emissions in IC engines. In terms of the future prospects of IC engines, there are emerging trends such as technology forcing, replacement of fossil fuels with bio-fuels, and adoption of EV and HEV engines to reduce the greenhouse emissions by the IC engines. Reference List Alagumalai, A 2014, Internal combustion engines: Progress and prospects, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 38, pp. 561-571. Favre, C., May, J. and Bosteels, D 2011, Emissions Control Technologies to Meet Current and Future European Vehicle Emissions Legislation, Association for Emissions Control by Catalyst (AECC) AISBL, Brussels,20, p. l-12. 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